Mexico CitysTlatelolco Massacre

Mexico City'sTlatelolco Massacre One of the ugliest and most lamentable occurrences in the cutting edge history of Latin America occurred on Oct. 2, 1968, when several unarmed Mexicans, the vast majority of them understudy dissidents, were gunned somewhere near government police and Mexican armed force powers in a grim bloodbath that despite everything frequents Mexicans. Foundation For quite a long time going before the episode, dissenters, again the vast majority of them understudies, had been rioting to carry the consideration of the world to Mexicos severe government, drove by President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz. The dissidents were requesting self-rule for colleges, the terminating of the police boss and the arrival of political detainees. Dã ­az Ordaz, with an end goal to stop the fights, had requested the control of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the countrys biggest college, in Mexico City. Understudy dissidents saw the up and coming 1968 Summer Olympics, to be held in Mexico City, as the ideal method to carry their issues to an overall crowd. The Tlatelolco Massacreâ Upon the arrival of Oct.2, a huge number of understudies walked all through the capital, and around dusk, around 5,000 of them congregated at La Plaza de Las Tres Culturas in the region of Tlatelolco for what was relied upon to be another tranquil meeting. Be that as it may, reinforced vehicles and tanks immediately encompassed the court, and the police started terminating into the group. Appraisals of setbacks change from the official line of four dead and 20 injured into the thousands, albeit most antiquarians place the quantity of losses somewhere close to 200 and 300. A portion of the dissenters figured out how to escape, while others took shelter in homes and condos encompassing the square. A way to-entryway search by specialists yielded a portion of these dissenters. Not the entirety of the survivors of the Tlatelolco Massacre were dissidents; many were basically going through and in an unlucky spot. The Mexican government promptly asserted that security powers had been terminated upon first and that they were just shooting in self-preservation. Regardless of whether the security powers terminated first or the nonconformists prompted the viciousness is an inquiry that remaining parts unanswered decades later. Waiting Effects As of late, in any case, changes in government have made it feasible for a more critical investigate the truth of the slaughter. The then-priest of the inside, Luã ­s Echeverrã ­a Alvarez, was arraigned on decimation charges in 2005 regarding the occurrence, however the case was later tossed out. Films and books about the occurrence have come out, and intrigue is high in Mexicos Tiananmen Square. Today, its still a ground-breaking subject in Mexican life and legislative issues, and numerous Mexicans consider it to be the start of the end for the predominant ideological group, PRI, and furthermore the day the Mexican individuals quit confiding in their legislature.

Steve Jobs Personality & Attitudes Drove His Success Case Study

Steve Jobs Personality and Attitudes Drove His Success - Case Study Example From this conversation obviously he separated each interruption from his life, be it even his family so he remains genuinely steady and can deliver great and exquisite items. The last measurement reliability can be pinpointed in him by taking a gander at the few enterprises he helped redesigning, for example, music, telephones or tablet and individualized computing. This wasn’t just about creating item, however making it satisfactory for the two businesses and buyer. A case of this is iTunes where the music business is being spared from pilfered tunes being acquired by the customer and the purchaser could transfer an assortment of their own music on iPods.   As the paper stresses Steve Job’s position with respect to business was what the greater part of the firm wanted. As far as the five attributes of an authoritative conduct, Jobs was an ideal image. For example, his self-adequacy was considerable in type of Apple and Pixar, a name that is regular in each family u nit; he achieved ponders with both the organizations. With respect to self-observing, it very well may be effortlessly observed that he misused his own conviction that individuals ought to be propelled strongly so as to assist them with separating their opposition and offer stage to their creative mind and inventiveness. His self-screen was profound enough to realize that he can achieve the inconceivable with thorough working hours and considering something new. Job’s character and demeanor positively affected the individuals working with him.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for October 4th, 2018

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King Philip VI of France

King Philip VI  was also known as: in French,  Philippe de Valois King Philip VI was known for: Being  the first French king of the Valois dynasty. His reign saw the beginning of the Hundred Years War and the arrival of the Black Death. Occupations: King Places of Residence and Influence: France Important Dates: Born:  1293Crowned:  May 27, 1328Died:  , 1350 About King Philip VI: Philip was a cousin to kings: Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV were the last of the direct line of Capetian kings. When Charles IV died in 1328, Philip became regent until Charles widow gave birth to what was expected to be the next king. The child was female and, Philip claimed, was therefore ineligible to rule under Salic Law. The only other male claimaint was Englands Edward III, whose mother was the late kings sister and who, due to the same restrictions of Salic Law regarding females, was also barred from succession. So, in May of 1328, Philip of Valois became King Philip VI of France. In August of that year, the count of Flanders appealed to Philip for help in putting down a revolt. The king responded by sending his knights to slaughter thousands at the Battle of Cassel. Not long after that, Robert of Artois, who had helped Philip secure the crown, claimed the countship of Artois; but a royal claimant did so, as well. Philip instituted judicial proceedings against Robert, turning his one-time supporter into a bitter enemy. It wasnt until 1334 that trouble began with England. Edward III, who didnt particularly like paying homage to Philip for his holdings in France, decided to flout Philips interpretation of Salic Law and lay claim to the French crown through his mothers line. (Edward was most likely spurred on in his animosity toward Philip by Robert of Artois.) In 1337 Edward landed on French soil, and what would later be known as the Hundred Years War began. In order to wage war Philip had to raise taxes, and in order to raise taxes he had to make concessions to the nobility, the clergy, and the bourgeoisie. This resulted in the rise of the estates and the beginning of a reform movement in the clergy. Philip also had difficulties with his council, many of whom were under the influence of the powerful Duke of Burgundy. The arrival of plague in 1348 pushed many of these problems to the background, but they were still there (along with the plague) when Philip died in 1350. More King Philip VI Resources: King Philip VI on the Web Philip VIConcise intro at Infoplease.Philippe VI de Valois (1293-1349)Very brief bio at the official website of France. The Hundred Years War Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2005-2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is not granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission, please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/pwho/fl/King-Philip-VI-of-France.htm

Solving Credit Problem Paper Solving Debt Problem

Solving Credit Problem Paper Anna is facing a financial problem in which she does not have an adequate amount of money to pay her monthly expenses. Just when she is living paycheck to paycheck, she is given a huge unexpected expense to pay a mechanic to fix her car. The major downside is she needs her car fixed, there is no way around it, as her car is the only way to and from work. This big financial hiccup in her month is causing Anne to have major anxiety and worry about where she is going to find the money to still survive and pay her bills, while paying this huge unexpected expense. Anna has a monthly net income of $1,642. She will now need to pay her secured debt first. This includes her rent which is $550. Leaving her with $1,092 monthly net income left. Next she should pay her car payment because there is no reason to pay a mechanic if she does not even have a car to drive. A car loan is also considered secured debt because a creditor has the right to take it if you do not pay your debt. Therefore, she s hould pay $152 for her car payment, leaving her with $940. Because she is needing her car for transpiration to and from work she should also pay the $112 for auto insurance. This will leave her with $828. Paying family necessities should always be paid first. Therefore, she will need money for food and personal/ household items. Anna agreed to cut down on her expenses and only buy necessities. She agreed to not eat out and cook from scratch which will save her a lotShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Debt For A Married Couples1416 Words   |  6 PagesManagement Final Paper December 06, 2015 Abstract This research paper examines the impact of debt for recently married couples. In this paper, you find the following topics, 1). Debt 2). Money-valuable resource 3). Reasons people create debt 4). Types of debts 5). Ways debts affect a couple martial satisfactions 6). Effect of debt on your health 7). Improving relationship 8). Opportunity- Married Couples 9). Tips for getting out of debt 10). Conclusion. Key words: debt, martial satisfactionRead MorePromoting Responsibility in Lending: An End to Foreclosed Homes1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe problems of the American economy are growing every day. An economy in ruins causes ripple effects within the country; whether it is an increase in crime, borrowing money, or the loss of jobs. One of the most devastating effects of the economic problems we are facing is the one directly related to their cause: the foreclosure crisis. More than 2.7 million homes have been foreclosed since 2007, and the number continues to climb. One of the first steps to solving the crisis is identifying how itRead MoreGrowing Up Digital By John Seely Brown1132 Words   |  5 Pagesbe the most popular form of learning resource for online courses despite not being a requirement for gaining credit nor part of prescribed activities . 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But, because of large variety between the business structure that Santander comes across there are many problems with their decision making process. It is hard to understand each financial and economic division per business per country, because of the level of differences between countries. The decision to continue to unite or expand these divisions and goRead More4541 Answer Key Midterm W132207 Words   |  9 Pagesordering bacon in quantities of 10,000 kg because o f the quantity discount. McDonalds has already been ordering optimally! Question 2 (15 marks) a. (5 marks) Annual trade credit interest rate = 0.5644 or 56.44% As the borrowing rate is 20%, McDonalds should take the cash discount and pay in 10 days. b. (5 marks) Annual trade credit interest rate = 0.08193 or 8.193% As the borrowing rate is 20%, McDonalds should not take the cash discount and pay in 50 days. c. (2 marks) PVDC = -96,471.39 (2 marks)Read MoreBank Of Americ A Big Name For A Finance Company1140 Words   |  5 PagesMGMT 117 Paper 2 Bank of America has always been a big name for a finance company in the United States. My mother has actually worked for the company for over 23 years, and has always informed me that they are a terrible organization. Therefore, I should not have been surprised when they appeared in the book, as one of many famous companies that have received subsidies on the basis of creating new jobs, only to layoff its employees shortly thereafter. 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Voting Rights Act Free Essays

Movement was a social revolution that had been an Important part of the united States for decades, but it wasn’t until the sass’s that the movement actually began to actively affect the daily lives of Americans. Previously, the Civil Rights advocates had been attempting to simply integrate themselves into the whole of America as a result of the discriminatory mindset of many whites and the unfair treatment of blacks, but this goal shifted dramatically during the sixties as the movement pushed forward. These early Integration attempts Included non-violent ethos such as sit-ins, demonstrations In Birmingham, and the March on Washington, yet even though the protesters were persistent and used non-violent methods to accomplish this early goal, much of America still refused to listen. We will write a custom essay sample on Voting Rights Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1964, the Civil Rights Act outlawed segregation in public accommodations, which was monumental to the Civil Rights Movement because It shattered the Jim Crow system. The year after, the Voting Rights Act was passed which prohibited racial delimitation while voting. However, even with the ability to fairly vote and with discrimination outlawed by the Civil Rights Act, blacks still found themselves in a seer position than most whites in society and began to strive for higher goals than just integration. Once they had more or less achieved desegregation, many blacks wanted to advance their goal beyond desegregation and into black power. Because of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the goals and strategies of the Civil Rights Movement shifted from non-violent civil disobedience to more militant methods in favor of self-defense and black power even though there was a scarcity of white support. Before the Civil Rights act of 1 964 and the Voting Rights Act f 1965, much of the Civil Rights Movement focused on achieving desegregation and equality. For example, the (The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) was founded by college students in 1960 with the goal of equality and integration, and specifically sought for a social order of Justice permeated of love. Martin Luther King and the people who protested in Birmingham believed that Injustice threatened America, and sought to bring this to the attention of the country. The tactics of the pre-1965 Civil Rights movement varied in specifics, but the overall strategy followed nonviolent methods. Groups such as the SYNC strove for courage, love, acceptance and hope through nonviolent methods, while protesters around the country had similar tactics. For example, in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama, call rights protesters stood up against unfair laws and police brutality without raising a hand to defend themselves. In such demonstrations, they relied on the media and the pictures taken of their efforts to spread their message across America and raise support. These actions were modeled after other nonviolent movements throughout history such as the Indian Independence Movement in the early sass’s. More specific strategies of the Civil Rights Movement included bus boycotts to Integrate public transportation, sit-ins to Integrate public the movement didn’t aim to overcome discrimination swiftly; they were thorough and won victories slowly. Movement had moderate goals, and generally did not aim to overcome prejudice in a swift and aggressive manner. Document A: SYNC (The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) was founded by college students in 1960 with the purpose of equality, integration, and with the hope for an integrated society using non-violent methods. Document B: In 1963, civil rights workers protested the treatment of African-Americans in Birmingham, Alabama, and workers including Martin Luther King were arrested. While in Jail, King wrote a letter from Birmingham Jail to the Episcopal clergy of Birmingham with the intent of persuading the people to take action. Injustice anywhere is a threat to Justice everywhere. Document C: Document D: In 1963 President Kennedy told the nation about his goal to provide all Americans equal rights and equal opportunities by asking the United States Congress to act on the subject of equal laws for all citizens of America. As an indirect result of this report, the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964, which outlawed many forms of discrimination, amended unfair voter registration requirements, and ended racial segregation in public accommodations. Document E: By 1966, the goals of the Civil Rights Movement had shifted from national integration and brotherhood to a more powerful role of black people in society. People such as Stokers Carmichael and other activists for black power aimed for well- off black communities in which humanistic love would prevail. Document F: Civil rights protesters became impatient with the slow-moving pace of non-violent, defenseless demonstrations that had been taking place in the earlier years of the sass’s. As a result, groups such as the Black Panther Party were formed, which called Americans. Document G: As a result of both the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Freedom Summer, the percentage of registered African-American voters increased significantly in the south, showing that many of the strategies of previous civil rights workers had begun to change the unjust laws of the American society. Document H: Despite the committed efforts of the civil rights workers to integrate the American society, there were still millions of whites who disagreed with racial equality and the consequences that came with it, as shown by the 1968 election statistics in which nearly ten million people voted for segregationist George Wallace. How to cite Voting Rights Act, Papers

Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci or better known as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was a renowned Italian genius and perhaps a man of immeasurable curiosity and an inventive mind. His multiple talents enabled him to do many things in different fields including painting, writing, architecture, engineering, geology, anatomy, and botany among others (Veltman 381).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Da Vinci specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite his diverse talents, Leonardo is well known for his works in art, particularly painting whereby he produced some of the most famous paintings such as the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and the Vitruvian Man among many more (Emmer 449; Mills 39). On the other hand, being an illegitimate son of a notary and a peasant woman did little to undermine Leonardo’s quest to excel in different fields, which ranged from painting to science and technology. Arguably, Leonardo was perhaps the greatest mind of the Renaissance era. Background Youth and Early Years Leonardo was born and raised in Italy under the protection of his father and stepmothers. He spent most of his youth working at Verrocchio’s workshop and learning the laws of science and nature after he had been informally educated in geometry and mathematics. His stay at Verrocchio’s workshop gave him the necessary exposure and experience in painting, which saw him becoming one of the painting masters at the age of 20, and he received recognition by the Guild of St Luke (Budd 13; Emmer 450). His Greatest Works Some of Leonardo’s greatest works to date have been in painting more than in science and technology. One of Leonardo’s most famous works include The Last Supper, which was done in the 1490s. The painting captures Jesus’ last moments with the 12 disciples, specifically at the moment where he reminded them that one among the disciples would betray him. The othe r great work by Leonardo is the Mona Lisa, which he painted in the 1500s, and it is arguably one of the most famous paintings in the world to date. Apart from painting, Leonardo created several drawings in science and technology such as the Vitruvian Man and the picture of a fetus in the womb (Clayton and Philo 8-12). A Renaissance Man Leonardo was a genius and a true Renaissance man owing to his extensive talents that extended far beyond painting and drawing. Following in the footsteps of other Renaissance humanists of his time, Leonardo had developed a keen interest in establishing the relationship between art and science. Accordingly, he had varied interests in science and technology, particularly in anatomy, optics, and hydraulics whereby he came up with some original pieces of inventions. This interest in science and technology had a great influence on Leonardo’s paintings and drawings (Mills 39).Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Level of Acclaim Acquired Leonardo commands admiration and respect from other painters, critics, and fans in equal measure. His fame and reputation increases by the day, especially considering the number of people who travel long distances and pay a lot of money just to have a glimpse at his famous pieces of art. The young generation is also keeping up with the pace by purchasing merchandises that contain Leonardo’s most famous paintings and drawings. On the other hand, writers around the globe have written extensively on Leonardo’s talent, and his private life is at the center of numerous speculations (Emmer 449-453). Struggles and Challenges Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Dyslexia Many writers have observed that Leonardo was suffering from ADD owing to his inability to finish all the projects that he started. Actually, there are about 15 paintings created by Leonardo, which survive to date while most of his works produced disastrous results because of his constant desire to experiment with new painting techniques. This is a typical symptom of ADD, which causes one to get distracted so easily. Other writers have noted that Leonardo was dyslexic because he used to write from right-to-left without being consciously aware (Emmer 449-453). Struggles with the Church As noted earlier, Leonardo was a true Renaissance humanist. The proponents of Renaissance humanism focused on art and science as well as other human concerns that were not relevant in the church. Hence, Leonardo and his colleagues pursued different interests concerning humanity such as the Greek and Roman philosophy and historiography, which contradicted the teachings of the Medieval Christian Church of their time. For instance, instead of being pre-occupied with worldly issues, most Renaissance humanists tended to promote human interests that improved human life. Moreover, Renaissance humanists were the major promoters of an ti-church and anti-clerical sentiments during Leonardo’s era. Hence, Renaissance humanism and its ideologies were in stark contrast with the medieval ideals (Veltman 385). Keeping his Work Private Leonardo tried to keep his works private using his notebooks, which he wrote in mirror-image handwritings. Most people belief that Leonardo preferred the â€Å"backwards† handwriting as a way of ensuring that he maintained secrecy. However, there are those who view his actions as an unconscious form of left-handedness whereby an individual writes from right-to-left without being aware of it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Da Vinci specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a typical feature of most dyslexics whose left-handedness is not considered as a problem, but a gift. In Leonardo’s case, his dyslexic gift was used to conceal details in his pieces of artwork including sketches, painting ideas, and even scientific inventions (Mills 39-42; Veltman 383). However, after his death, some of Leonardo’s private notes have found their way into the hands of third parties. His Contributions In Art Leonardo was the most talented artist of his time. He produced the most famous paintings and drawings, and introduced different painting techniques such as the Chiaroscuro, which is a technique he used to create a contrast between light and dark colors. Moreover, Leonardo introduced the sfumato painting technique, which promoted the use of smoky effects in paintings. The other painting techniques introduced by Leonardo include linear perspective and the use of light and shadow in paintings. Linear perspective is a technique used by Leonardo to give his paintings life and a three-dimensional look. Furthermore, his knowledge of human anatomy enabled him to create graphic, proportionate, and real paintings (Mills 39; Veltman 383). In Science Apart from painting, drawing, and sc ulpture, Leonardo was also talented in science, engineering, and technology. Leonardo’s most famous contributions arose from his attempt to create a connection between science and art. He attempted to understand science from an observational perspective, and in so doing, he developed an understanding of the anatomy of humans and various animals. This is evidenced in his drawings of human embryos, the human skeleton, the human backbone, the human circulatory system, and the muscles among other anatomical structures. His understanding of the human anatomy helped him to develop the first robot. He also drew several diagrams regarding his engineering inventions such as the self-pumping waterwheel, the overbalancing hammer wheel, and the rolling ball wheel among others (Mills 39-42). Why Study Leonardo Today After examining Leonardo’s early life, his struggles and challenges as well as his contributions to art and science, it is important to look at his worth in the contemp orary fields of art and science. In the modern society, science and technology plays a huge role in almost every aspect of human life starting with communication, transportation, and even medicine. Leonardo’s early attempts to create a connection between art and science are useful for the modern artist who is looking for ways to use the dynamic advances in science and technology for the benefit of visual art. Hence, Leonardo da Vinci deserves attention because of his ideas on the fusion between art and science (Veltman 384-385).Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Leonardo da Vinci was the most multi-talented individual to have graced the Renaissance era and even the contemporary society. Leonardo’s long-lasting fame and reputation arose from his talents in painting and drawing. He managed to produce several paintings and drawings, which were famous and influential during his time. He was also a true Renaissance humanist having championed human interests that produced the greatest good for all. His contributions in art and science are also worth mentioning considering that he was the first to use some of the well-known painting techniques besides conceiving some of the greatest scientific and engineering inventions of his time. Lastly, Leonardo’s attempt to relate art and science earned him the honors of being studied today because his ideas are quite fascinating. Works Cited Budd, Denise A. â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci and Workshop Practice: The Role of the Dated Notation.† The Journal of the History of Art 10.1(20 09): 13-39. Print. Clayton, Martin C., and Ronald Philo. Leonardo Da Vinci: The Mechanics of Man. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications, 2010. Print. Emmer, Michelle. â€Å"A Film on Leonardo da Vinci by Luciano Emmer.† Leonardo 42.5(2009): 449-453. Print. Mills, Allan A. â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci and Perpetual Motion.† Leonardo 41.1(2008): 39-42. Print. Veltman, Kim H. â€Å"Leonardo da Vinci: A Review.† Leonardo 41.4(2008): 381-388. Print. This essay on Leonardo Da Vinci was written and submitted by user Alicia Schneider to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Leonardo Da Vinci Introduction The renaissance was a period in history where Europe underwent a rebirth in its perception of art. It marked the transformation of the continent from the middle ages to the modern era. The renaissance was the starting point for the development of concepts such as individualism, secularism as well as capitalism. In art, most works were associated with geometric representations of the natural world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Da Vinci specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, some scholars are quick to warn others about the dangers of bracketing all artists in the renaissance into one similar group because some individuals do not fit neatly into these patterns. While other Italian artists may fall outside conventional understandings of art in the renaissance, Leonardo de Vinci does not; his work exemplifies this radical transformation in the representation of images and forms on various m edia. Distinct features of the renaissance Renaissance art was known for its focus on personalities, attitudes or emotions rather than just the outlines or forms of the images being represented. Artists were able to capture emotion even in sculptures, especially the unsupported nude (Maginnis 14). Most of their forms had great emotional intensity and thus appeared more natural. This was also a time when paintings or drawings became more realistic than they had ever been before (Saari Saari 44). Most of the artists who achieved this goal utilised the concept of perspective in their work. They made their two-dimensional representations seem very similar to three-dimensional figures. The ability to manipulate light and darkness in renaissance work also made artistic quite authentic (Jurdjevic 250). These artists knew how to work with tone and they would play with contrast in a manner that achieved their desired goal. As stated earlier, the renaissance was a time in history when Europe started experiencing elements of secularism (Hay 130). In the period before the renaissance, most artists were intent on promoting religious devotion through their work. However, in the renaissance era, artists started doing some mythological representations and focused on subjects outside of religion. It should be noted that the extent to which this occurred was rather small. However, secular paintings were still a reality (Hart Wilkins 23). Lastly, the renaissance was also associated with the accurate representation of images and forms in space. This was manifested through effective use of motion. Images in this era, therefore, focused on correctness and logic rather than unscientific work (Macdonald 9).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leonardo’s techniques and contribution to the renaissance Leonardo is best known for his superior use of light and shade in his artisti c work. This was a concept that made his paintings more realistic and came to be a distinct feature of the renaissance period. As such, Da Vinci was a true renaissance artist. A typical case of how he used light and shade wistfully was his painting of ‘Virgin and Child with a Cat’. In this artwork, Leonardo was able to capture the mass of his subjects through effective use of light and shade (Van Cleave 86). Leonardo mastered this technique by analysing his life-sized sculptures. They often replicated the manner in which light and shade fell on real human subjects. It was this ability to transform such abstract concepts, such as light and reflection, to artistic works that made Leonardo highly valued in the renaissance. O’Connor (50) explains that Leonardo’s ability to manipulate light and darkness stemmed from his intense study of optics. The artist wanted to learn more about the phenomenon of light transmission. He, therefore, used science in order to ac complish his artistic goals. At the time, the individual focused on using real human eyes to study light. He obtained eyes from medical colleagues and discovered a way of hardening different layers of the eye. He then came up with theories on how light was reflected by the different components. Although these concepts seemed far-fetched at the time, and most medical scientists rejected his ideas, Da Vinci’s theories proved to be quite practical for his designs as well as his artistic work (McHam 53). He found out that light travels in waves and that the eye worked as a lens. Such ideas assisted him in accurately representing his paintings. The comprehensive scientific work done by Da Vinci exemplifies the need to focus on scientific representation of form. Leonardo was a true renaissance artist because he strived for correct representation of form through scientific mechanisms. Geometric calculations and intense preparations were famous methods used by renaissance artists to increase the accuracy their work, and Da Vinci was no exception (Kavaler 16). When Leonardo lived in Milan, his ruler had talked about the desire to make a bronze horse with a rider on it. When Leonardo heard about this interest, he took it upon himself to research about the item intensely. He learnt a lot about bronze casting and then observed horses at rest, racing horses as well as prancing horses. He disentangled various components of the horse’s body part and worked on them independently. Thereafter, Da Vinci was commissioned with the job, and he created a clay model of a horse and its rider. The model was quite huge and profoundly detailed. Leonardo worked out a way of determining how much bronze he would need to cover the clay model from top to bottom. Once again, he relied on scientific methods of measurements and dimension.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Da Vinci specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lea rn More The clay mould was never transformed into a bronze statue because Italy diverted its bronze elements for use in making weapons (O’Connor 55). However, the intense and meticulous preparation of the artist is a depiction of his renaissance leanings. He always wanted to make his sculptures and paintings as accurate as possible, and to do this well, then scientific or geometric methods came in handy (Langley 92). Leonardo often created pieces that captured emotions effectively and seemed magical in the way they represented the human form. A case in point is the Mona Lisa, which is, arguably, the most famous painting ever made by a renaissance artist. Art lovers and critics alike still remain fascinated by the image of the ‘Mona Lisa’. People have imitated and reproduced the ‘Mona Lisa’ in an attempt to demystify this creation. The same thing may be said about his portraits of beautiful women such as ‘Cecilia Gallarani’. There was a high degree of depth in these pieces because the women were not just beautiful; they had a contemplative and pensive countenance. Da Vinci superbly captured these qualities in his work and thus exemplified the renaissance tendency to portray human emotion so well. The women in these portraits appeared to have something to hide. However, instead of revealing to the audience what the model was concealing, Da Vinci preferred to show the concealment in order to allow audiences to speculate about those missing components for themselves. Da Vinci was also widely reputed for his ability to capture movement and mass with subtlety. In the portrait â€Å"Virgin of the rocks† the artist had a way of moving from shapes to tones without demonstration of any sort of contours in his pieces. The delicateness of the features in this painting, and many others was evidence of the fact that Leonardo had a deep-seated ability to smoothly transition between forms. Da Vinci’s promienence as a renaissance artist also stemmed from his capacity to coordinate attitude and the human anatomy perfectly. The artist knew how to demonstrate position and motion in the human body by relating it to the physique of the subject (Keele 366). As a result, his paintings were quite natural. Many armature contemporaries did not understand this relationship. Consequently, most of them did not change the way muscles looked in different parts of the body, such as the arms, stomach, as well as the back. Their images always seemed to lack adequate emotion. Leonardo explained that it was essential to match attitude with the position of the subject (Kemp and Wallae 87).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To achieve this, one must consider some possible thoughts of the concerned models. Da Vinci often thought about mutes who solely rely on motion in their eyes, back, and feet in order to express what they think about. Alternatively Da Vinci knew how to match the age of the subject with the nature of the attitude that they had. For instance, Leonardo proposed that when drawing an old man, in the standing position, one must refrain from spreading his legs too wide (Keele 366). Additionally, various muscles and body parts must be used to echo this position. For instance, the person should have bent knees and he ought to have straddled feet. A crooked back would be appropriate as well as stooping shoulders. It would also be fitting for the old person to wear a dull and sluggish look (Richter 101). This attention to details revolving around the human anatomy made Da Vinci’s work come to life. It alludes to the propensity for the use of science in his work. The artist understood the clinical asymmetry of the human body. He knew that the neck area, hip area and shoulders often exhibit the greatest variability in motion. As result, it was necessary to alter these traits in order to meet his objectives. Leonardo thought of the human body as some sort of moving machine (Keele 368). Consequently, he was right to assert that the body was governed by mechanical laws. These concepts were indeed revolutionary because medical scientists did not understand them at the time. Nonetheless, they explained why Da Vinci captured attitude so effortlessly in his work. It is this combination of scientific techniques to achieve true representation that makes him an exemplary renaissance case (Gelb 99). Leonardo’s weaknesses and distinctness from other renaissance artists While Leonardo was one of the most influential figures in the renaissance, some of his work was wanting because of his artistic temperament. The individual rarely focused on one thing at a time. He was fasc inated by all he saw, and wanted to figure out how things worked. The problem with this attitude was that Leonardo often got bored with certain projects. He would start working on a piece of art and leave it half way (Van Cleave 86). Furthermore, sometimes he focused so much on experimenting that it often got in the way of actual artistic work. A case in point was the painting of the â€Å"Battle of Aughiari†. Leonardo was experimenting with new techniques of paint application. Although the work had initially been appealing, this changed dramatically owing to deterioration of the paint quality (Van Cleave 86), (Welch 64). Consequently, Da Vinci’s propensity for experimentation sometimes harmed his work. Beckett (5) explains that Da Vinci’s many talents caused him to place too much importance on other fields and thus treat his artistry lightly. To a certain extent, many experts have come to associate the renaissance period with fresco painting. It was a method th at renaissance artists preferred because not only was it a cheaper way of creating artistic pieces, but it also lasted longer than cloth, which was the form that inspired fresco painters (Lopez 204). The method required a lot if investment in artistic skill even though one did not need to use a lot of labour for the same. As a result, artists had to be careful about the way the work was done. One must prepare a wall surface and then create the right scaffolding. Artists needed to consider the weather when making fresco paintings. If they exposed their painting to wet or cold weather, then this would cause the plaster to remain wet. Alternatively, if a painter did fresco painting when it was dry, then chances are that a part of the painting would dry before completing it. Some artists looked for creative ways of dealing with the problem by combining oil and tempera (Welch 66). Da Vinci used his own approach to fresco painting by using with oil, although this did not work. It is likel y that his divided attention may have led to the problem. Currently, images of paintings that he made with this technique were disastrous because he did not give the method the time that it needed to develop the right approach. Leonardo was exceptional because he represented how artists could meet the objective of the renaissance era. The unique depictions of the human form could not be easily replicated by other artists. Many of the painters, who tried, only succeeded in imitating one or two elements of Leonardo’s work but never the entire piece (Turner 60). In this regard, one can assert that Leonardo’s influence stood apart from what other renowned artists had accomplished in the renaissance. Therefore, one can argue that Leonardo stood apart from others as an artist and this reduced his influence in the era. The subject matter of most of Da Vinci’s paintings was religious and traditional. In most circumstances he dwelt on angels and ordinary people. Therefor e, one can assert that there were minimal secular themes in Da Vinci’s work. In this regard, he did not advance secularism as was the case for certain renaissance artists (Burke 15). Conclusion Leonardo was an exemplary renaissance artist owing to his focus on accurately presenting images on two dimensional media. He used geometric and scientific methods to achieve this. Da Vinci also balanced light and darkness just like other renaissance artists. Leonardo captured the emotion and attitudes of his subject as was expected in the renaissance. In this regard, he was an exemplary artist. Some deviations from such expectations do not change this fact. Works Cited Burke, Peter. The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. Print. Beckett, Wendy. Leonardo Da Vinci 2010. Web.. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/L/leonardo.html Gelb, Michael. How to Think Like Leonardo: Seven Steps to Genius Every Day. New York, NY: Delacorte Press. 1998. Print. Hartt, Frederick and Wilkins, David. History of Italian Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, 2003. Print. Hay, Denys. The Italian Renaissance in Its Historical Background. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Print. Jurdjevic, Mark. â€Å"Hedgehogs and Foxes: The Present and Future of Italian Renaissance Intellectual History. â€Å" Past Present 195(2007): 241-268. Print. Kavaler, Ethan. â€Å"Renaissance Gothic: Pictures of Geometry and Narratives of Ornament.† Art History 29.1(2006): 1-46. Keele, Kenneth. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Infleunce on Renaissance Anatomy n.d. Web. Kemp, Martin Wallae Marina. Spectacular Bodies: The Art and Science of the Human Body from Leonardo to Now. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001. Print. Langley, Andrew. Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance. Philadelphia, Pa.: Running Press, 2001. Print. Lopez, Robert Sabatino, The Three Ages of the Italian Renaissance. Charlottesvill e: University Press of Virginia, 1970. Print. Macdonald, Fiona. The World in the Time of Leonardo da Vinci. Parsippany, N.J: Dillon Press, 1998. Print. Maginnis, Hayden. Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Reevaluation, Oxford: OUP, 1997. Print. McHam, Sarah. Looking at Italian Renaissance Sculpture. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. Print. O’Connor, Barbara. Leonardo Da Vinci: Renaissance Genius. MN: Carolhoda Books, 2003. Print. Richter, Irma. The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1998. Print. Saari, Peggy Saari, Aaron. Julie Carnagie, project: Renaissance Reformation, Primary Sources. Detroit :UXL, 2002. Print. Turner, Jane. Encyclopaedia of Italian Renaissance and Mannerist Art. Chicago: Doubleday, 2000. Print. Van Cleave, Claire. Master Drawings of the Italian Renaissance. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2007. Print. Welch Evelyne. Art in Renaissance Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. This essay on Leonardo Da Vinci was written and submitted by user Nickolas U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.